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Rules of thumb that increase topspin for a rising ball and rising racquet:

• The ball
  • Lower incoming ball speed
  • Lower incoming ball angle
  • Less incoming spin
• The racquet
  • Greater racquet speed
  • Steeper swing angle
  • Higher impact location

Rules of thumb that increase topspin for a falling ball and rising racquet:

• The ball
  • Greater incoming ball speed
  • Steeper descending ball angle
  • Less incoming spin
• The racquet
  • Greater racquet speed
  • Steeper racquet angle
  • Greater racquet tilt
  • Higher impact location